Mims' Medical Microbiology and Immunology

ISBN : 9780443107474

Author : Richard Goering

Publisher : Elsevier

Year : 2023

Language : English

Type : Book

Description : Cover image Title page Copyright Foreword 7th Edition Foreword 6th Edition Preface Contributors Introduction Contents Section 1 The Adversaries – Pathogens 1 Pathogens as parasites THE VARIETIES OF PATHOGENS LIVING INSIDE OR OUTSIDE CELLS SYSTEMS OF CLASSIFICATION 2 The bacteria Structure Nutrition Growth and Division Gene Expression Survival Under Adverse Conditions Mobile Genetic Elements Mutation and Gene Transfer The Genomics of Medically Important Bacteria 3 The viruses MAJOR GROUPS OF VIRUSES INFECTION OF HOST CELLS REPLICATION OUTCOME OF VIRAL INFECTION 4 The fungi MAJOR GROUPS OF DISEASE-CAUSING FUNGI 5 The protozoa Protozoa can infect all the major tissues and organs of the body Protozoa have evolved many sophisticated strategies to avoid host responses Protozoa use a variety of routes to infect humans 6 The helminths LIFE CYCLES HELMINTHS AND DISEASE 7 The arthropods 8 Prions A SPECTRUM OF NEURODEGENERATIVE DISORDERS—TRANSMISSIBLE SPONGIFORM ENCEPHALOPATHY ROGUE PROTEIN PATHOGENESIS DEVELOPMENT, TRANSMISSION AND DIAGNOSIS OF PRION DISEASES PREVENTION AND TREATMENT OF PRION DISEASES 9 The host–parasite relationship THE MICROBIOTA AND MICROBIOME SYMBIOTIC ASSOCIATIONS THE CHARACTERISTICS OF PARASITISM THE EVOLUTION OF PARASITISM Section 2 The adversaries – host defences 10 The innate defences of the body DEFENCES AGAINST ENTRY INTO THE BODY DEFENCES ONCE THE MICROORGANISM PENETRATES THE BODY 11 Adaptive immune responses bring specificity LYMPHOID TISSUES: PRIMARY AND SECONDARY SECONDARY LYMPHOID ORGANS SUBSETS OF T CELLS ANTIBODY STRUCTURE AND FUNCTION RECIRCULATION OF T AND B CELLS 12 Cooperation leads to effective immune responses COOPERATION MEANS GREATER EFFICIENCY AND SPECIFICITY OPSONIZATION BY ANTIBODY ENHANCES PHAGOCYTOSIS AND LEADS TO COMPLEMENT ACTIVATION BENEFICIAL INFLAMMATORY REACTIONS CAN ALSO BE ENHANCED BY ANTIBODIES ACTIVATION OF T CELLS INVOLVES ANTIGEN-PRESENTING CELLS AND ADDITIONAL COSTIMULATORY SIGNALS B-CELL ACTIVATION CLONAL EXPANSION ANTIBODY PRODUCTION INVOLVES A SERIES OF STEPS WITHIN THE GERMINAL CENTRE CYTOKINES PLAY AN IMPORTANT PART IN THESE CELL–CELL INTERACTIONS IMMUNOLOGIC MEMORY ENABLES A SECOND INFECTION WITH THE SAME MICROBE TO BE DEALT WITH MORE EFFECTIVELY ARMIES MUST BE KEPT UNDER CONTROL Section 3 The Conflicts 13 Background to the infectious diseases HOST–PARASITE RELATIONSHIPS CAUSES OF INFECTIOUS DISEASES THE BIOLOGIC RESPONSE GRADIENT 14 Entry, exit and transmission SITES OF ENTRY EXIT AND TRANSMISSION TYPES OF TRANSMISSION BETWEEN HUMANS TRANSMISSION FROM ANIMALS 15 Immune defences in action COMPLEMENT ACUTE PHASE PROTEINS AND PATTERN RECOGNITION RECEPTORS FEVER NATURAL KILLER CELLS PHAGOCYTOSIS CYTOKINES ANTIBODY-MEDIATED IMMUNITY CELL-MEDIATED IMMUNITY RECOVERY FROM INFECTION 16 Spread and replication FEATURES OF SURFACE AND SYSTEMIC INFECTIONS MECHANISMS OF SPREAD THROUGH THE BODY GENETIC DETERMINANTS OF SPREAD AND REPLICATION OTHER FACTORS AFFECTING SPREAD AND REPLICATION 17 Parasite survival strategies and persistent infections PARASITE SURVIVAL STRATEGIES CONCEALMENT OF ANTIGENS ANTIGENIC VARIATION IMMUNOSUPPRESSION PERSISTENT INFECTIONS 18 Pathologic consequences of infection PATHOLOGY CAUSED DIRECTLY BY MICROORGANISMS DIARRHOEA PATHOLOGIC ACTIVATION OF NATURAL IMMUNE MECHANISMS PATHOLOGIC CONSEQUENCES OF THE IMMUNE RESPONSE SKIN RASHES VIRUSES AND CANCER Section 4 Clinical Manifestation and Diagnosis of Infections by Body System 19 Upper respiratory tract infections RHINITIS PHARYNGITIS AND TONSILLITIS PAROTITIS OTITIS AND SINUSITIS ACUTE EPIGLOTTITIS ORAL CAVITY INFECTIONS 20 Lower respiratory tract infections LARYNGITIS AND TRACHEITIS DIPHTHERIA WHOOPING COUGH ACUTE BRONCHITIS ACUTE EXACERBATIONS OF CHRONIC BRONCHITIS BRONCHIOLITIS RESPIRATORY SYNCYTIAL VIRUS INFECTION HANTAVIRUS PULMONARY SYNDROME PNEUMONIA BACTERIAL PNEUMONIA VIRAL PNEUMONIA HUMAN CORONAVIRUS INFECTIONS PARAINFLUENZA VIRUS INFECTION ADENOVIRUS INFECTION HUMAN METAPNEUMOVIRUS INFECTION HUMAN BOCAVIRUS INFECTION INFLUENZA VIRUS INFECTION MEASLES VIRUS INFECTION CYTOMEGALOVIRUS INFECTION TUBERCULOSIS CYSTIC FIBROSIS LUNG ABSCESS FUNGAL INFECTIONS PARASITIC INFECTIONS 21 Urinary tract infections ACQUISITION AND AETIOLOGY PATHOGENESIS CLINICAL FEATURES AND COMPLICATIONS LABORATORY DIAGNOSIS TREATMENT PREVENTION 22 Sexually transmitted infections STIs AND SEXUAL BEHAVIOUR SYPHILIS Gonorrhoea Chlamydial Infection OTHER CAUSES OF INGUINAL LYMPHADENOPATHY Mycoplasmas and Nongonococcal Urethritis OTHER CAUSES OF VAGINITIS AND URETHRITIS Genital Herpes HUMAN PAPILLOMAVIRUS INFECTION Monkeypox, previously a rare viral zoonosis, emerged in 2022 as aN STI HUMAN IMMUNODEFICIENCY VIRUS Opportunist STIs Arthropod Infestations 23 Gastrointestinal tract infections DIARRHOEAL DISEASES CAUSED BY BACTERIAL OR VIRAL INFECTION FOOD POISONING—BACTERIALTOXIN–ASSOCIATED DIARRHOEA VIRAL CAUSES OF DIARRHOEA HELICOBACTER PYLORI AND GASTRIC ULCER DISEASE PARASITES AND THE GASTROINTESTINAL TRACT MICROSPORIDIA OTHER INTESTINAL PROTOZOA SYSTEMIC INFECTION INITIATED IN THE GASTROINTESTINAL TRACT 24 Obstetric and perinatal infections INFECTIONS OCCURRING IN PREGNANCY CONGENITAL INFECTIONS INFECTIONS OCCURRING AROUND THE TIME OF BIRTH 25 Central nervous system infections INVASION OF THE CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM THE BODY’S RESPONSE TO INVASION MENINGITIS ENCEPHALITIS NEUROLOGIC DISEASES OF POSSIBLE VIRAL AETIOLOGY SPONGIFORM ENCEPHALOPATHIES CAUSED BY SCRAPIE-TYPE AGENTS CNS DISEASE CAUSED BY PARASITES BRAIN ABSCESSES TETANUS AND BOTULISM 26 Infections of the eye CONJUNCTIVITIS INFECTION OF THE DEEPER LAYERS OF THE EYE 27 Infections of the skin, soft tissue, muscle and associated systems BACTERIAL INFECTIONS OF SKIN, SOFT TISSUE AND MUSCLE MYCOBACTERIAL DISEASES OF THE SKIN FUNGAL INFECTIONS OF THE SKIN PARASITIC INFECTIONS OF THE SKIN MUCOCUTANEOUS MANIFESTATIONS OF VIRAL INFECTIONS MEASLES VIRUS INFECTION RUBELLA VIRUS INFECTION OTHER MACULOPAPULAR RASHES ASSOCIATED WITH VIRAL INFECTIONS OTHER INFECTIONS PRODUCING SKIN LESIONS KAWASAKI DISEASE VIRAL INFECTIONS OF MUSCLE POSTVIRAL FATIGUE SYNDROME PARASITIC INFECTIONS OF MUSCLE JOINT AND BONE INFECTIONS INFECTIONS OF THE HAEMOPOIETIC SYSTEM 28 Vectorborne infections ARBOVIRUS INFECTIONS INFECTIONS CAUSED BY RICKETTSIAE BORRELIA INFECTIONS PROTOZOAL INFECTIONS HELMINTH INFECTIONS 29 Multisystem zoonoses Viral haemorrhagic fever is a multisystem syndrome triggered by a group of viruses that cause severe damage to the vascular system ARENAVIRUS INFECTIONS EBOLA AND MARBURG HAEMORRHAGIC FEVERS Q FEVER ANTHRAX PLAGUE YERSINIA ENTEROCOLITICA INFECTION TULARAEMIA PASTEURELLA MULTOCIDA INFECTION LEPTOSPIROSIS RAT-BITE FEVER BRUCELLOSIS HELMINTH INFECTIONS 30 Fever of unknown origin DEFINITIONS OF FEVER OF UNKNOWN ORIGIN CAUSES OF FUO INVESTIGATION OF CLASSIC FUO TREATMENT OF FUO FUO IN SPECIFIC PATIENT GROUPS INFECTIVE ENDOCARDITIS 31 Infections in the compromised host THE COMPROMISED HOST INFECTIONS OF THE HOST WITH DEFICIENT INNATE IMMUNITY DUE TO PHYSICAL FACTORS INFECTIONS ASSOCIATED WITH SECONDARY ADAPTIVE IMMUNODEFICIENCY OTHER IMPORTANT OPPORTUNIST PATHOGENS Section 5 Diagnosis and Control 32 Diagnosis of infection and assessment of host defence mechanisms AIMS OF THE CLINICAL MICROBIOLOGY LABORATORY SPECIMEN PROCESSING CULTIVATION (CULTURE) OF MICROORGANISMS IDENTIFICATION OF MICROORGANISMS GROWN IN CULTURE NONCULTURAL TECHNIQUES FOR THE LABORATORY DIAGNOSIS OF INFECTION ANTIBODY DETECTION METHODS FOR THE DIAGNOSIS OF INFECTION ASSESSMENT OF HOST DEFENCE SYSTEMS PUTTING IT ALL TOGETHER: DETECTION, DIAGNOSIS, EPIDEMIOLOGY 33 Epidemiology and control of infectious diseases WHAT IS EPIDEMIOLOGY? OUTCOME MEASUREMENTS TYPES OF EPIDEMIOLOGIC STUDIES TRANSMISSION OF INFECTIOUS DISEASE VACCINE EFFICACY 34 Attacking the enemy: antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy SELECTIVE TOXICITY DISCOVERY AND DESIGN OF ANTIMICROBIAL AGENTS CLASSIFICATION OF ANTIBACTERIAL AGENTS RESISTANCE TO ANTIBACTERIAL AGENTS CLASSES OF ANTIBACTERIAL AGENTS INHIBITORS OF CELL WALL SYNTHESIS INHIBITORS OF PROTEIN SYNTHESIS INHIBITORS OF NUCLEIC ACID SYNTHESIS ANTIMETABOLITES AFFECTING NUCLEIC ACID SYNTHESIS OTHER AGENTS THAT AFFECT DNA INHIBITORS OF CYTOPLASMIC MEMBRANE FUNCTION URINARY TRACT ANTISEPTICS ANTITUBERCULOSIS AGENTS ANTIBACTERIAL AGENTS IN PRACTICE ANTIBIOTIC ASSAYS ANTIVIRAL THERAPY ANTIFUNGAL AGENTS ANTIPARASITIC AGENTS CONTROL BY CHEMOTHERAPY VERSUS VACCINATION CONTROL VERSUS ERADICATION USE AND MISUSE OF ANTIMICROBIAL AGENTS 35 Protecting the host: vaccination VACCINATION—A 400-YEAR HISTORY Edward Jenner (1749–1823) AIMS OF VACCINATION VACCINES CAN BE OF DIFFERENT TYPES Live attenuated vaccines Nonliving vaccines Genetically engineered vaccines NONSPECIFIC BENEFICIAL EFFECTS OF VACCINES Vaccines in current use New vaccines in development 36 Specific and nonspecific immunotherapy ADOPTIVE IMMUNOTHERAPY WITH T CELLS PASSIVE IMMUNOTHERAPY WITH ANTIBODIES NONSPECIFIC CELLULAR MODULATION CORRECTION OF HOST IMMUNODEFICIENCY 37 Infection control COMMON HOSPITAL INFECTIONS IMPORTANT CAUSES OF HOSPITAL INFECTION Urinary tract infections Surgical wound infections Pneumonia Bloodstream infections Gastrointestinal infections SOURCES AND ROUTES OF SPREAD OF HOSPITAL INFECTION HOST FACTORS AND HOSPITAL INFECTION CONSEQUENCES OF HOSPITAL INFECTION PREVENTION OF HOSPITAL INFECTION INVESTIGATING HAI STERILIZATION AND DISINFECTION Index Pathogen parade Viruses Hepatitis Viruses Bacteria Beta-Haemolytic Streptococci Alpha-Haemolytic Streptococci Gram-Positive Rods Gram-Negative Rods Other Bacteria Fungi Helminths Vaccine parade Section 1: The Adversaries—Pathogens Section 2: The Adversaries—Host Defences Section 3: The Conflicts Section 4: Clinical Manifestation and Diagnosis of Infections by Body System Section 5: Diagnosis and Control Online Cases Bibliography – list of useful websites

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