Rodak's Hematology: Clinical Principles and Applications

ISBN : 9780323936507

Author : Elaine M. Keohane

Publisher : Elsevier

Year : 2024

Language : Thai

Type : Book

Description : Cover image Title page Table of Contents Copyright Tribute Dedications Reviewers Contributors Preface Part I. Introduction to Hematology 1. An Overview of Clinical Laboratory Hematology HISTORY RED BLOOD CELLS WHITE BLOOD CELLS PLATELETS COMPLETE BLOOD COUNT BLOOD FILM EXAMINATION ENDOTHELIAL CELLS COAGULATION ADVANCED HEMATOLOGY PROCEDURES ADDITIONAL HEMATOLOGY PROCEDURES QUALITY ASSURANCE AND QUALITY CONTROL SAFETY 2. Patient Safety in Hematology and Hemostasis DEFINITION OF PATIENT SAFETY DEFINITION OF HEALTH CARE QUALITY TOTAL TESTING PROCESS IN THE CLINICAL LABORATORY SIX AIMS OF HEALTH CARE QUALITY ESSENTIAL COMPETENCIES FOR HEALTH CARE PROFESSIONALS APPLICATIONS IN THE HEMATOLOGY AND HEMOSTASIS LABORATORY SUMMARY 3. Quality Assurance in Hematology and Hemostasis Testing STATISTICAL SIGNIFICANCE AND EXPRESSIONS OF CENTRAL TENDENCY AND DISPERSION METHOD VALIDATION MULTISITE VALIDATION LOT-TO-LOT COMPARISONS REFERENCE INTERVAL AND THERAPEUTIC RANGE DEVELOPMENT INTERNAL QUALITY CONTROL EXTERNAL QUALITY ASSESSMENT ASSESSING DIAGNOSTIC EFFICACY RECEIVER OPERATING CHARACTERISTIC CURVE ASSAY FEASIBILITY LABORATORY STAFF COMPETENCE QUALITY ASSURANCE PLAN: PREANALYTICAL AND POSTANALYTICAL AGENCIES THAT ADDRESS HEMATOLOGY AND HEMOSTASIS QUALITY SUMMARY Part II. Blood Cell Production, Structure, and Function 4. Cell Structure and Function CELL ORGANIZATION PLASMA MEMBRANE NUCLEUS CYTOPLASM SELECTED CELL PROCESSES HEMATOPOIETIC MICROENVIRONMENT 5. Hematopoiesis HEMATOPOIETIC DEVELOPMENT ADULT HEMATOPOIETIC TISSUE HEMATOPOIETIC STEM CELLS AND CYTOKINES LINEAGE-SPECIFIC HEMATOPOIESIS THERAPEUTIC APPLICATIONS SUMMARY 6. Erythrocyte Production and Destruction ERYTHROPOIESIS DYNAMICS OF RED BLOOD CELL PRODUCTION AND DESTRUCTION MICROENVIRONMENT OF THE BONE MARROW ERYTHROCYTE DESTRUCTION SUMMARY 7. Erythrocyte Metabolism and Membrane Structure and Function ERYTHROCYTE METABOLISM (ENERGY PRODUCTION THROUGH ANAEROBIC GLYCOLYSIS) GLYCOLYSIS DIVERSION PATHWAYS (SHUNTS) RED BLOOD CELL MEMBRANE STRUCTURE AND FUNCTION SUMMARY 8. Hemoglobin Metabolism HEMOGLOBIN STRUCTURE HEMOGLOBIN BIOSYNTHESIS HEMOGLOBIN ONTOGENY REGULATION OF HEMOGLOBIN PRODUCTION HEMOGLOBIN FUNCTION DYSHEMOGLOBINS HEMOGLOBIN MEASUREMENT SUMMARY 9. Iron Kinetics and Laboratory Assessment IRON CHEMISTRY IRON KINETICS DIETARY IRON, BIOAVAILABILITY, AND DEMAND LABORATORY ASSESSMENT OF BODY IRON STATUS 10. Leukocyte Development, Kinetics, and Functions GRANULOCYTES MONONUCLEAR CELLS 11. Platelet Production, Structure, and Function MEGAKARYOCYTOPOIESIS PLATELETS PLATELET ULTRASTRUCTURE PLATELET FUNCTION PLATELET SIGNALING PATHWAYS PLATELETS AND INFLAMMATION PLATELET PROTEOME SUMMARY Part III. Laboratory Evaluation of Blood Cells 12. Manual, Semiautomated, and Point-of-Care Testing in Hematology SPECIMEN COLLECTION MANUAL CELL COUNTS HEMOGLOBIN DETERMINATION MICROHEMATOCRIT RULE OF THREE RED BLOOD CELL INDICES RETICULOCYTE COUNT ERYTHROCYTE SEDIMENTATION RATE ADDITIONAL TESTS FOR RED BLOOD CELLS POINT-OF-CARE TESTING SUMMARY 13. Automated Blood Cell Analysis GENERAL PRINCIPLES OF AUTOMATED BLOOD CELL ANALYSIS PRINCIPAL ANALYZERS VALIDATION AND CALIBRATION OF AUTOMATED ANALYZERS LIMITATIONS AND INTERFERENCES CLINICAL UTILITY OF AUTOMATED BLOOD CELL ANALYSIS ANALYZER SELECTION 14. Examination of the Peripheral Blood Film and Correlation With the Complete Blood Count PERIPHERAL BLOOD FILMS SUMMARIZING COMPLETE BLOOD COUNT RESULTS SUMMARY 15. Bone Marrow Examination BONE MARROW ANATOMY AND ARCHITECTURE INDICATIONS FOR BONE MARROW EXAMINATION BONE MARROW SPECIMEN COLLECTION SITES BONE MARROW ASPIRATION AND BIOPSY PREPARATION OF THE BONE MARROW SPECIMEN EXAMINING BONE MARROW ASPIRATE OR IMPRINT EXAMINING THE BONE MARROW CORE BIOPSY SPECIMEN DEFINITIVE BONE MARROW STUDIES BONE MARROW EXAMINATION REPORTS SUMMARY Part IV. Erythrocyte Disorders 16. Anemias: Red Blood Cell Morphology and Approach to Diagnosis DEFINITION OF ANEMIA IMPORTANCE OF PATIENT HISTORY AND CLINICAL FINDINGS PHYSIOLOGIC ADAPTATIONS IN PATIENTS WITH ANEMIA MECHANISMS OF ANEMIA LABORATORY DIAGNOSIS OF ANEMIA APPROACH TO EVALUATING ANEMIAS 17. Disorders of Iron Kinetics and Heme Metabolism GENERAL CONCEPTS IN IRON-RELATED DISORDERS IRON-RESTRICTED ANEMIAS PORPHYRIAS SIDEROBLASTIC ANEMIAS IRON OVERLOAD DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS 18. Anemias Caused by Defects of DNA Metabolism ETIOLOGY SYSTEMIC MANIFESTATIONS OF FOLATE AND VITAMIN B12 DEFICIENCY CAUSES OF VITAMIN DEFICIENCIES LABORATORY DIAGNOSIS MACROCYTIC NONMEGALOBLASTIC ANEMIAS TREATMENT SUMMARY 19. Bone Marrow Failure PATHOPHYSIOLOGY OF BONE MARROW FAILURE APLASTIC ANEMIA OTHER FORMS OF BONE MARROW FAILURE 20. Introduction to Increased Destruction of Erythrocytes CLASSIFICATION OF HEMOLYTIC DISORDERS PHYSIOLOGIC HEMOLYSIS PATHOLOGIC HEMOLYSIS CLINICAL FEATURES LABORATORY FINDINGS DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS SUMMARY 21. Intrinsic Defects Leading to Increased Erythrocyte Destruction RED BLOOD CELL MEMBRANE ABNORMALITIES RED BLOOD CELL ENZYMOPATHIES 22. Extrinsic Defects Leading to Increased Erythrocyte Destruction—Nonimmune Causes MICROANGIOPATHIC HEMOLYTIC ANEMIA MACROANGIOPATHIC HEMOLYTIC ANEMIA HEMOLYTIC ANEMIA CAUSED BY INFECTIOUS AGENTS HEMOLYTIC ANEMIA CAUSED BY OTHER RED BLOOD CELL INJURY 23. Extrinsic Defects Leading to Increased Erythrocyte Destruction—Immune Causes OVERVIEW OF IMMUNE HEMOLYTIC ANEMIAS AUTOIMMUNE HEMOLYTIC ANEMIA ALLOIMMUNE HEMOLYTIC ANEMIAS DRUG-INDUCED IMMUNE HEMOLYTIC ANEMIA 24. Hemoglobinopathies (Structural Defects in Hemoglobin) STRUCTURE OF GLOBIN GENES HEMOGLOBIN DEVELOPMENT GENETIC MUTATIONS ZYGOSITY PATHOPHYSIOLOGY NOMENCLATURE HEMOGLOBIN S HEMOGLOBIN C HEMOGLOBIN C-HARLEM (HEMOGLOBIN C-GEORGETOWN) HEMOGLOBIN E HEMOGLOBIN O-ARAB HEMOGLOBIN D AND HEMOGLOBIN G COMPOUND HETEROZYGOSITY WITH HEMOGLOBIN S AND ANOTHER β-GLOBIN GENE MUTATION CONCOMITANT CIS MUTATIONS WITH HEMOGLOBIN S HEMOGLOBIN M UNSTABLE HEMOGLOBIN VARIANTS HEMOGLOBINS WITH INCREASED AND DECREASED OXYGEN AFFINITY GLOBAL BURDEN OF HEMOGLOBINOPATHIES SUMMARY 25. Thalassemias DEFINITIONS AND HISTORY EPIDEMIOLOGY GENETICS OF GLOBIN SYNTHESIS CATEGORIES OF THALASSEMIA GENETIC DEFECTS CAUSING THALASSEMIA PATHOPHYSIOLOGY β-GLOBIN GENE CLUSTER THALASSEMIA α-THALASSEMIA THALASSEMIA ASSOCIATED WITH STRUCTURAL HEMOGLOBIN VARIANTS DIAGNOSIS OF THALASSEMIA Part V. Leukocyte Disorders 26. Nonmalignant Leukocyte Disorders PRIMARY IMMUNODEFICIENCY DISORDERS/INBORN ERRORS OF IMMUNITY LYSOSOMAL STORAGE DISORDERS MORPHOLOGIC ABNORMALITIES OF LEUKOCYTES WITHOUT ASSOCIATED IMMUNE DEFICIENCY QUANTITATIVE ABNORMALITIES OF LEUKOCYTES SECONDARY MORPHOLOGIC CHANGES IN LEUKOCYTES INFECTIOUS MONONUCLEOSIS 27. Introduction to Hematologic Neoplasms GENERAL CHARACTERISTICS OF HEMATOLOGIC NEOPLASMS INCIDENCE, PREVALENCE, AND ETIOLOGY CLASSIFICATION SCHEMES MOLECULAR PATHOGENESIS THERAPY 28. Flow Cytometric Analysis in Hematologic Disorders SPECIMEN PROCESSING FLOW CYTOMETRY: PRINCIPLE AND INSTRUMENTATION ANALYSIS OF FLOW CYTOMETRIC DATA CELL POPULATIONS IDENTIFIED BY FLOW CYTOMETRY FLOW CYTOMETRIC ANALYSIS OF MYELOID NEOPLASMS (ACUTE MYELOID LEUKEMIAS AND CHRONIC MYELOID NEOPLASMS) FLOW CYTOMETRIC ANALYSIS OF LYMPHOID NEOPLASMS (LYMPHOBLASTIC LEUKEMIA/LYMPHOMA AND MATURE LYMPHOID NEOPLASMS) OTHER APPLICATIONS OF FLOW CYTOMETRY BEYOND IMMUNOPHENOTYPING OF HEMATOLOGIC MALIGNANCIES 29. Molecular Diagnostics in Hematopathology STRUCTURE AND FUNCTION OF DNA MOLECULAR DIAGNOSTIC TESTING OVERVIEW NUCLEIC ACID ISOLATION AMPLIFICATION OF NUCLEIC ACIDS BY POLYMERASE CHAIN REACTION DETECTION OF AMPLIFIED DNA REAL-TIME POLYMERASE CHAIN REACTION NUCLEIC ACID SEQUENCING CHROMOSOMAL MICROARRAYS PATHOGEN DETECTION AND INFECTIOUS DISEASE LOAD CURRENT DEVELOPMENTS 30. Cytogenetics REASONS FOR CHROMOSOME ANALYSIS CHROMOSOME STRUCTURE CHROMOSOME IDENTIFICATION TECHNIQUES FOR CHROMOSOME PREPARATION AND ANALYSIS CYTOGENETIC NOMENCLATURE CHROMOSOME ABNORMALITIES CANCER CYTOGENETICS CHROMOSOMAL MICROARRAY ANALYSIS 31. Acute Leukemias CLASSIFICATION SCHEMES FOR ACUTE LEUKEMIAS ACUTE LYMPHOBLASTIC LEUKEMIA ACUTE MYELOID LEUKEMIA ACUTE LEUKEMIAS OF AMBIGUOUS LINEAGE CYTOCHEMICAL STAINS AND INTERPRETATIONS 32. Myeloproliferative Neoplasms BCR::ABL1-POSITIVE MYELOPROLIFERATIVE NEOPLASMS BCR::ABL1-NEGATIVE MYELOPROLIFERATIVE NEOPLASMS OTHER MYELOPROLIFERATIVE NEOPLASMS MYELOID/LYMPHOID NEOPLASMS MASTOCYTOSIS 33. Myelodysplastic Neoplasms ETIOLOGY MORPHOLOGIC ABNORMALITIES IN PERIPHERAL BLOOD AND BONE MARROW DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS ABNORMAL CELLULAR FUNCTION CLASSIFICATION OF MYELODYSPLASTIC NEOPLASMS MYELODYSPLASTIC NEOPLASMS WITH DEFINING GENETIC ABNORMALITIES MYELODYSPLASTIC NEOPLASMS, MORPHOLOGICALLY DEFINED CHILDHOOD MYELODYSPLASTIC NEOPLASMS MYELODYSPLASTIC/MYELOPROLIFERATIVE NEOPLASMS CYTOGENETICS, MOLECULAR ALTERATIONS, AND EPIGENETICS PROGNOSIS TREATMENT 34. Mature Lymphoid Neoplasms GENETIC ABNORMALITIES CLASSIFICATION SCHEMAS BASED ON CELL DIFFERENTIATION APPROACH TO DIAGNOSIS: INTERFACE BETWEEN CLINICAL AND LABORATORY MEDICINE DIAGNOSTIC PROCEDURES DIAGNOSTIC EVALUATION LEUKEMIAS NON-HODGKIN LYMPHOMA HODGKIN LYMPHOMA PLASMA CELL NEOPLASMS Part VI. Hemostasis and Thrombosis 35. Normal Hemostasis OVERVIEW OF HEMOSTASIS VASCULAR INTIMA IN HEMOSTASIS PLATELETS COAGULATION SYSTEM COAGULATION REGULATORY MECHANISMS FIBRINOLYSIS 36. Hemorrhagic Disorders and Laboratory Assessment BLEEDING SYMPTOMS ACQUIRED COAGULOPATHIES CONGENITAL COAGULOPATHIES 37. Qualitative Disorders of Platelets and Vasculature QUALITATIVE PLATELET DISORDERS: INHERITED DEFECTS QUALITATIVE PLATELET DISORDERS: ACQUIRED DEFECTS VASCULAR DISORDERS 38. Quantitative Disorders of Platelets: Thrombocytopenia and Thrombocytosis THROMBOCYTOPENIA: DECREASE IN CIRCULATING PLATELETS THROMBOCYTOSIS: INCREASE IN CIRCULATING PLATELETS 39. Thrombotic Disorders and Laboratory Assessment THROMBOSIS RISK TESTING DEVELOPMENTS THROMBOSIS ETIOLOGY AND PREVALENCE THROMBOSIS RISK FACTORS LABORATORY EVALUATION OF THROMBOPHILIA ARTERIAL THROMBOSIS PREDICTORS VENOUS THROMBOEMBOLIC DISEASE DIAGNOSIS DISSEMINATED INTRAVASCULAR COAGULATION HEPARIN-INDUCED THROMBOCYTOPENIA THROMBOINFLAMMATION THROMBOSIS RISK TESTING FUTURE SUMMARY 40. Antithrombotic Therapies and Laboratory Assessment Thrombosis and Antithrombotic Therapy Warfarin Unfractionated Heparin Low-Molecular-weight Heparin Fondaparinux Direct Anti-Xa Oral Anticoagulants Direct Thrombin Inhibitors Switching Anticoagulants and Periprocedural Management Antiplatelet Therapy Fibrinolytic Therapy Future of Antithrombotic Therapy Summary 41. Laboratory Evaluation of Hemostasis HEMOSTASIS LABORATORY TESTING HEMOSTASIS SPECIMEN COLLECTION HEMOSTASIS SPECIMEN MANAGEMENT PLATELET FUNCTION TESTS PLATELET ACTIVATION MARKERS CLOT-BASED SCREENING TESTS FOR COAGULATION DISORDERS COAGULATION FACTOR ASSAYS FIBRINOLYSIS ASSAYS VISCOELASTOMETRY AND GLOBAL COAGULATION ASSAYS GENETIC TESTING FOR HEMOSTATIC DISORDERS 42. Hemostasis and Coagulation Instrumentation THE CLINICAL COAGULATION LABORATORY ASSAY ENDPOINT DETECTION PRINCIPLES ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES OF DETECTION METHODS COAGULATION INSTRUMENTATION AND TECHNOLOGY ADVANCEMENTS SELECTION OF COAGULATION INSTRUMENTATION CURRENTLY AVAILABLE COAGULATION INSTRUMENTS POINT-OF-CARE COAGULATION TESTING GLOBAL HEMOSTASIS ASSESSMENT PLATELET FUNCTION TESTING MOLECULAR GENETIC TESTING IN COAGULATION Part VII. Hematology and Hemostasis in Selected Populations 43. Hematology and Hemostasis in the Pediatric, Pregnant, Geriatric, and Transgender Populations PEDIATRIC HEMATOLOGY AND HEMOSTASIS GESTATIONAL HEMATOLOGY AND HEMOSTASIS GERIATRIC HEMATOLOGY AND HEMOSTASIS TRANSGENDER POPULATIONS ECHAPTERS (EVOLVE) E1. Safety in the Hematology Laboratory STANDARD PRECAUTIONS OCCUPATIONAL HAZARDS E2. Blood Specimen Collection SAFETY RESPONSIBILITY OF THE PHLEBOTOMIST IN INFECTION CONTROL PHYSIOLOGIC FACTORS AFFECTING TEST RESULTS VENIPUNCTURE SKIN PUNCTURE QUALITY ASSURANCE IN BLOOD SPECIMEN COLLECTION SPECIMEN HANDLING LEGAL ISSUES IN PHLEBOTOMY SUMMARY E3. Care and Use of the Microscope PRINCIPLES OF MICROSCOPY COMPONENT PARTS AND THEIR FUNCTIONS OPERATING PROCEDURE WITH KOEHLER ILLUMINATION IMMERSION OIL AND TYPES CARE OF THE MICROSCOPE BASIC TROUBLESHOOTING OTHER MICROSCOPES USED IN THE CLINICAL LABORATORY SUMMARY E4. Body Fluid Analysis in the Hematology Laboratory PERFORMING CELL COUNTS ON BODY FLUIDS PERFORMING DIFFERENTIAL COUNTS ON BODY FLUIDS CEREBROSPINAL FLUID SEROUS FLUID SYNOVIAL FLUID BRONCHOALVEOLAR LAVAGE SPECIMENS SUMMARY APPENDICES (EVOLVE) Appendix A. Abbreviations Appendix B. List of Formulas Appendix C. Answers Appendix D. Glossary INDEX

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