Tea in Health and Disease Prevention

ISBN : 9780443141584

Author : Victor R Preedy,

Publisher : elsevier

Year : 2024

Language : Thai

Type : Book

Description : Cover image Title page Table of Contents Copyright Dedication List of contributors Preface Section I. Tea, tea drinking, and varieties Chapter 1. The tea plants: Botanical aspects Introduction Place of origin Tea taxonomy and classification of the tea plant Camellia sinensis L. or the China tea plant Camellia assamica (masters) or the Assam tea plant Camellia assamica sub. sp. lasiocalyx (Planch. MS) or the cambodiensis or Southern form of the tea plant Tea cytogenetics Anatomical features and chemical composition of the tea plant Concept of tea germplasm and its importance Tea physiology Conclusion Summary points Chapter 2. Black tea: Manufacturing and composition Introduction Chemical compositions of tea Summary points Chapter 3. Green tea: Plants, artisanal knowledge, processing, manufacturing and production Introduction Botanical classification and distribution Distribution Cultivation Propagation and breeding Shrub formation Tea harvest: Plucking and seasons Processing Postharvest spreading of leaves Fixing Rolling, shaping, and drying Chemistry and biochemical changes during green tea processing Storage, preparation, and flavor Global green tea production Other health effects of tea or extracts Mini-dictionary of terms Summary points Chapter 4. White tea: The plants, processing, manufacturing, chemical compositions, and potential health benefits Introduction Historical perspectives Processing and manufacturing of white tea Varieties of white tea Chemical composition of white tea Health benefits of white tea Summary points Chapter 5. Pu-erh tea: Botany, ethnobotany, production, and chemistry Introduction Botany, ethnobotany, and biogeography Production and preparation Processing Preparation Chemistry and health Relationship of phytochemistry to environmental variability Relationship of phytochemistry to infusion sequence Oxidation and microbial fermentation Other health effects of tea or extracts Mini-dictionary of terms Summary points Chapter 6. Mate tea: Manufacture and composition Introduction One plant, three forms Cultivation and processing Cancheamento cycle Beneficiation Chemical composition Variations in chemical composition Extractions and chemical profile of beverages Biological activities Mini-dictionary of terms Summary points Chapter 7. Compositional and nutritional aspects: Kombucha-type fermented teas Introduction Preparation of kombucha Fermentation Biochemical composition of kombucha Organic acids Polyphenols Mineral ingredients Microbiological composition Health-promoting properties of kombucha Antidiabetic and hypoglycemic properties Hypocholesterolemic properties Antimicrobial and antiviral properties Antioxidant and antiinflammatory properties Anticancer properties Hepatoprotective properties Mini-dictionary of terms Summary points Chapter 8. Oolong tea: The plants, processing, manufacturing, and production Introduction Historical perspectives Unveiling the differences: Oolong tea versus black tea and green tea Manufacturing steps and biochemical significance of oolong tea Factors affecting the unique flavor of oolong tea Oolong tea: The plants, processing, manufacturing, and production Mini-dictionary of terms Summary points Chapter 9. Exploring the world of herbal teas Introduction Traditional herbal teas versus innovative herbal teas Types of herbal teas according to the complexity of the formulas Regional traditions for herbal teas Dosage and consumption patterns of herbal teas Mini-dictionary of terms Summary points Section II. Production, processing, and preparation Chapter 10. Advances in the processing of tea extracts: Emerging sustainable technologies Introduction Composition Wastes Extraction Purification Stability and encapsulation Challenges and future trends Summary points Chapter 11. The effect of tea brewing time on chemical content and biological activity Introduction Chemical composition of tea Tea polyphenols and catechins Theaflavins and thearubigins Tea flavonoids Tea organic acids Tea amino acids Tea glucosides Tea carbohydrates Tea aromatic compounds Tea minerals Effect on the chemistry of tea processing Tea brewing methods The effect of tea brewing times on the chemical content of tea Effect on total phenolic content Total flavonoid content and its effect on flavonoid content Effect on tea polysaccharides Impact on flavor compounds (volatile compounds) and amino acids Effect of tea brewing times on the biological activity of tea Effects on antioxidant activity Effect on antibacterial, antiviral, and antiinflammatory activity Effect on antidiabetic activity Effect on anticancer activity Other effects The effect of tea brewing times on sensory properties of tea Toxic effects of tea brewing time Effects on mineral toxicity Conclusion Mini-dictionary of terms Summary points Chapter 12. Tea processing and impact on catechins, theaflavin and thearubigin formation Introduction The chemistry and benefits of green and black tea Impact of tea processing on catechins, theaflavin, and thearubigin formation Methods to determine polyphenols Section III. Compositional and nutritional aspects Chapter 13. Compounds found in tea, their concentrations, and methods of analysis Introduction Different types of tea Active constituents of tea Method of analysis Orbitrap-MS Mini dictionary of terms Summary points Chapter 14. Infusion times and temperature on the composition of tea beverages Introduction Effects of infusion times and temperature on compositions Summary points Chapter 15. Adulterants in tea Tea as a health drink—introduction Types of tea Processing of tea Threats to tea and workers Adulterants in tea Chemical adulterants in tea Identification of chemical adulterants in tea Adulterant check using DNA barcoding Biological adulterants in tea Conclusion Summary points Chapter 16. How the health-benefit components of tea vary depending on the cultivar and season: The example of Darjeeling tea Introduction Chemical basis of processed tea Health-benefit properties of made tea Profiling health-benefit traits in tea cultivars of Darjeeling Antioxidant qualities vary among genotypes and harvesting seasons Conclusion Summary points Chapter 17. Fluoride and teas consumption: A balanced synopsis Fluorides Teas Mini-dictionary of terms Summary points Chapter 18. Copper, iron and zinc content in tea and their nutritional aspects on human health Introduction Copper, iron, and zinc in tea plant Copper, iron, and zinc in processed tea Copper, iron, and zinc in tea infusion Reference dose and risk assessment Nutritional aspects of trace elements Summary points Chapter 19. Heavy metals in teas and their health implications Introduction Heavy metals Heavy metal contamination in tea Heavy metal levels in tea Aluminum Lead Cadmium Arsenic Chromium Copper Manganese Cobalt Heavy metal exposure from tea consumption and health risk assessment What can be done to reduce heavy metal exposure? Catechins in tea and their effects on health Mini-dictionary of terms Summary points Chapter 20. Tea as a dietary antioxidant: Contribution to total antioxidant capacity Introduction How to estimate the dTAC? Obesity, metabolic syndrome, and dTAC Cardiovascular diseases and dTAC Cancer and dTAC Mental disorders and dTAC T2DM and dTAC Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) and dTAC Conclusion Mini-dictionary of terms (5–15 terms) (A-Z order) Summary points Chapter 21. Tea and food antioxidant interactions: Investigating antagonism and synergism Introduction Interaction between tea polyphenols and antioxidants Interaction between tea polyphenols and food components Conclusion Other health effects of tea polyphenols Mini-dictionary of terms Summary points Chapter 22. Matcha tea: and its antioxidant profile and effects Introduction Preparation of Matcha Biochemical composition Characteristics of the composition Antioxidant profile: Polyphenols and phenolic compounds Antioxidant profile: Catechins Antioxidant profile: Vitamin C, quercetin, and flavonoids Antioxidant profile: Caffeine Antioxidant properties of Matcha Factors affecting antioxidant potential Effects on free-radical diseases Mini-dictionary of terms Summary points Chapter 23. Tea, energy metabolism, and the satiety responses Introduction Energy metabolism Satiety response Mini-dictionary of terms Summary points General aspects of the effects of tea A. Body, organs, and tissues Chapter 24. Tea consumption and body fat distribution Introduction Tea consumption, body adiposity, and weight management Measurement of body fat distribution Studies linking habitual tea consumption with body fat distribution Potential mechanisms underpinning the tea–body fat distribution relationship Further research needed Conclusion Mini-dictionary of terms Summary points Chapter 25. Revising the potential role of black tea in alleviating metabolic syndrome Introduction An overview of the major components of tea Metabolic syndrome and the future trends of black tea as a potential therapy Consumption of black tea and its impact on health: Collection of epidemiological and experimental studies Mechanisms underlying the efficacy of black tea against metabolic syndrome Conclusion Mini dictionary of terms Summary points Chapter 26. The effect of kombucha tea on liver functions: A review of accumulated evidence Introduction Fermentation of kombucha tea Chemical composition of kombucha tea Effect of kombucha tea in animal models of chemically induced (primary) liver injury Hepatoprotective effect of kombucha tea in animal model for secondary liver injury Clinical evidence of kombucha tea health effects Side effects and toxicity of kombucha tea Kombucha tea as a hepatoprotective functional food Mini-dictionary of terms Summary points Chapter 27. Tea and the gut microbiota Introduction Characterization of teas and their polyphenol content Bioavailability and metabolism of tea polyphenols in the small intestine The colonic microbiota Biocatabolism of tea polyphenols by gut microbiota in humans Potential health benefits of tea catabolites Effect of tea polyphenols on gut microbiota Measuring the impact of tea on gut microbiota In vitro models Mouse models Human interventions Conclusions Summary Chapter 28. Evaluation of antiosteoporosis effects of Camellia sinensis (tea), its extracts, and major compounds Introduction Tea extracts and tea polyphenols Assessment of effects of tea extracts on bone metabolism through preclinical studies Effect of tea constituents on bone metabolism Clinical investigations on the impact of tea intake on bone Summary and future perspective Summary points Chapter 29. Potential clinical application of green tea therapy in ocular protection Introduction Biological activities of green tea Potential of green tea in eye protection Clinical trials of green tea catechins for eye diseases Green tea extract versus EGCG for clinical use Precaution of green tea for clinical applications Development of green tea formulation for ocular disease treatment Prospective clinical use of green tea Summary points Chapter 30. Potential benefits of tea consumption against risk factors associated with the development of coronary artery disease Introduction A general overview of oxidative stress and inflammation, including their link with coronary artery disease A brief overview of the classification and chemical composition of tea Pharmacokinetics of tea Clinical evidence on the potential effects of tea consumption in people with or at risk for CAD Summary and future perspectives Summary points Chapter 31. Linking exercise and green tea consumption as an antioxidant strategy Introduction The connection between exercise and antioxidants: Exploring green tea consumption Sipping on antioxidants: How green tea can enhance exercise benefits Enhancing your workout: The power of combining exercise and green tea A delicious and nutritious antioxidant strategy for active individuals Green tea: An effective antioxidant to boost exercise performance Maximizing your workout with green tea: The science behind this antioxidant strategy Exercise and green tea: A promising combination for long-term health Harnessing the antioxidant power of green tea for optimal exercise recovery A natural approach to antioxidant supplementation: The benefits of green tea and exercise From the gym to the kitchen: The role of green tea in supporting exercise-induced antioxidant defense Conclusions: The intersection of exercise and green tea as an antioxidant strategy Other health effects of tea or extracts Mini-dictionary of terms Summary points Chapter 32. Bioinformatics applications for evaluating health and pharmacological properties of tea: Use of computer-assisted drug discovery tools Introduction Bioinformatic studies in tea for food preservation and nutrition properties Bioinformatics in tea to study therapeutic properties Alzheimer's disease Malaria and Zika virus Human immunodeficiency virus Therapeutic agent for diabetes Antineoplastic effect Conclusion Mini-dictionary of terms Summary points B. Cellular and nonorgan effects Chapter 33. Sunscreen from tea Introduction Other health effects of tea extracts Mini-dictionary of terms Summary points Chapter 34. Tea and kidney stone formation Introduction Oxalate content of black, green, and herbal teas Urinary oxalate and hyperoxaluria Tea consumption and risk of urinary stone formation Effects of black tea consumption in healthy subjects Conclusions Summary points Chapter 35. Tea and cancer risk Introduction Tea and lung cancer risk Mechanisms of cancer prevention by tea antioxidants Conclusions and future perspective Mini-dictionary of terms Summary points Chapter 36. Molecular aspects of the effects of green tea extracts in cancer studies Introduction Green tea components and different cellular pathways Summary points Chapter 37. Epigenetic factors of green tea consumption in cancer prevention Introduction Chemopreventive effects of green tea DNA methylation patterns Green tea anticancer action on DNA methylation patterns Green tea anticancer action on miRNAs Green tea anticancer action on lncRNAs Histone acetylation status in cancer Cancer prevention by using green tea as a modifier of the acetylation status of histone Limitations of the chemopreventive effects of green tea Mini-dictionary of terms Summary points Chapter 38. The potential for black tea in combating arsenic toxicity Sources of arsenic and its global distribution Biotransformation of arsenic Health hazards due to arsenic Effect of chronic iAs exposure on ROS generation and beyond Role of arsenic in disrupting DNA repair Arsenic and inflammation Epigenetic modulations introduced by arsenic Modulation of TGF-β pathway and induction of EMT by arsenic Chemoprevention Tea as a chemopreventive agent Chapter 39. Tea extract and usage against multidrug-resistant bacteria Introduction Varieties of tea Scientific classification Chemical composition Factors determining the concentration of catechins Bioavailability Antimicrobial spectrum Anticariogenic effect Effect on periodontal diseases Mechanisms of antimicrobial activity Reversal of antimicrobial resistance Synergism with the antibiotics Effect on bacterial virulence Mini-dictionary of terms Summary Chapter 40. Tea and its antibacterial effects compared to other plants Introduction Mechanisms of antibacterial action of tea Mechanisms of antibacterial action of some culinary plants Antibacterial effects of major polyphenols contained in tea compared to other plants Comparative analysis of the antibacterial potential of tea with other culinary plants Summary points Section V. Focused areas, specific tea components, and effects on tissue and organ systems Chapter 41. Epigallocatechin-3-gallate effects on leukemia cells Introduction Mini-dictionary of terms Summary points Chapter 42. Tea epigallocatechin gallate and impact on life span Introduction Molecular mechanisms of aging: emerging interrelationships EGCG in health and longevity Mechanisms of EGCG-mediated longevity extension EGCG and oxi-inflammatory stress during aging Conclusions and outlook Mini-dictionary of terms Summary points Chapter 43. Epigallocatechin gallate and its antifungal profiles Introduction Overview of fungal infection Treatment of fungal infection Studies on EGCG as antifungals Studies on EGCG against Candida Studies on EGCG against dermatophytes Studies of EGCG against other fungi and yeasts Conclusion Mini-dictionary of terms Summary points Chapter 44. Unraveling molecular and cellular mechanisms underlying the beneficial effects of epigallocatechin-3-gallate by proteomic investigations Introduction Therapeutic potential of EGCG in human diseases Unraveling molecular and cellular mechanisms underlying the beneficial effects of EGCG by proteomic investigations Conclusions and perspectives Summary points Chapter 45. Autophagy and green tea epigallocatechin-3-gallate: Applications to female reproductive cancers Introduction Incidence, mortality, and prevalence of female reproductive cancer Anticancer effect of green tea against reproductive cancers Autophagy mechanism and function The role of autophagy in female reproductive cancer Regulation of autophagy in female reproductive cancer by EGCG and green tea catechins treatment Future perspectives of EGCG development for clinical application Conclusion Other health effects of green tea consumption Mini-dictionary of terms Summary points Chapter 46. Green tea epigallocatechin gallate and its impact on heart health Introduction Overview of heart physiology Common heart diseases Epidemiological studies on tea and cardiovascular health Direct effect of EGCG on cardiac muscle function Antiinflammatory effect of EGCG in heart diseases Antioxidative activity of EGCG in heart diseases Antiapoptotic effect of EGCG in heart diseases Preclinical and clinical studies on ECCG's efficacy for heart diseases Conclusion Summary points Chapter 47. Epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG) and its derivative: In silico reverse screening and molecular docking for therapeutics Introduction Biology of EGCG and ProEGCG Chemistry of EGCG and ProEGCG Computational virtual screening of protein targets Difference of EGCG and ProEGCG Limitation of computational study Conclusions Other health effects of EGCG and ProEGCG Mini-dictionary of terms Summary points Chapter 48. Molecular effects of green tea epigallocatechin gallate on the microRNA-143/MAPK7 and microRNA-let-7a/HMGA2 pathways Introduction Role of miRNAs in obesity Green tea effects on obesity via regulation of miRNAs EGCG-induced cell growth inhibition via the miR-143/MAPK7 or miR-let7a/HMGA2 pathways in preadipocytes EGCG prevents MAFLD by modulation of miRNAs MiRNA-modulated anticancer function of EGCG Other health effects of EGCG Mini-dictionary of terms Summary points Chapter 49. Pharmacology of caffeine: Implications of tea drinking Introduction Caffeine content in different types of tea Pharmacokinetics of caffeine Pharmacodynamics of caffeine Effect of caffeine on major organ systems Mini-dictionary of terms Summary points Chapter 50. Caffeine and its potential use in Parkinson's disease Introduction Mechanism of PD onset Other factors associated with the onset of PD are presented here Therapeutics for PD Caffeine in coffee Plausible biochemical mechanisms of action of caffeine Final words Mini-dictionary of terms Summary points Chapter 51. Catechin: Features and linking effects on caffeine and mast cells Introduction Morphological evidence for mast cell-stabilizing properties of catechin and caffeine Synergistic effect of catechin and caffeine on mast cell stabilization Mechanisms by which catechin and caffeine exert mast cell–stabilizing properties Plasma membrane deformation and mast cell–stabilizing property Electrophysiological evidence for mast cell–stabilizing properties Clinical implications of mast cell–stabilizing properties of catechin and caffeine Conclusion Summary points Chapter 52. Green tea catechins and physical activity: Exploring their role in prostate cancer studies Introduction to green tea catechins and physical activity Understanding catechins: Chemical composition and health benefits The link between green tea, physical activity, and prostate cancer Green tea and physical activity: Influencing prostate cancer risk through diverse pathways Mechanisms of action: How catechins and exercise affect cancer cells? How to get more catechins in your diet? Key findings in prostate cancer studies with emphasis on lifestyle Potential synergistic benefits and limitations Future directions in catechin and physical activity research Conclusion: Implications for prostate cancer prevention and lifestyle choices Other health effects of tea or extracts Mini-dictionary of terms Summary points Chapter 53. Potential of tea-derived phytoconstituents against Candida albicans and C. glabrata infection Introduction Candida species: Characteristics and pathogenesis Tea and its bioactive components Mechanistic insights into the action of tea derived phytoconstituents against Candida species Challenges and considerations for the clinical application of the tea derived phytoconstituents Conclusion Mini dictionary of terms Chapter 54. Theaflavins in tea: Features and effects Introduction Features of theaflavins Effects of TFs on health The antimicrobial properties of TFs Skin protective effects of TFs Effect of TFs on urinary system Mini-dictionary terms Summary points Chapter 55. Theaflavin-enriched black tea: Uses and applications Introduction to theaflavin enriched black tea Health benefits of theaflavin-enriched black tea Theaflavins and cancer prevention Theaflavin-enriched black tea in neurological health Theaflavins in dermatology and skincare Theaflavins in dermatology and skincare Theaflavins in nutraceuticals and dietary supplements Future perspectives and challenges Mini-dictionary of terms Summary points Declarations Chapter 56. Theanine (l-glutamylethylamide) in tea and its protective effects against bladder dysfunction Introduction Characteristics of theanine Bladder dysfunction with chronic sympathetic hyperactivity An animal model of urinary frequency and chronic sympathetic hyperactivity Preventive effects of theanine on bladder dysfunction Other health effects of theanine Mini-dictionary of terms Summary points Chapter 57. Computational studies to explore tea catechins and theaflavins as drug candidates Computer-aided drug discovery: Concepts and methods Application of computational techniques to screen tea polyphenols Molecular docking and screening studies Molecular dynamics simulation studies QSAR studies Limitations and opportunities Conclusion Mini dictionary Summary points Chapter 58. Oolonghomobisflavans in oolong tea and lifespan effects Introduction Chemical composition of oolong tea Biological functions Antioxidant mechanisms of oolong tea polyphenol Summary Mini-dictionary of terms (at least five terms) Summary points (at least five points) Section VI. Behavior, brain, and neurological systems Chapter 59. Tea consumption and depression Introduction Observational studies on effect of tea on depression The role of tea in the pathogenesis of depression Importance of short-chain fatty acids production in depression Antidepressive effects of tea types Conclusion Other health effects of tea Mini-dictionary of terms Summary points Chapter 60. Tea drinking and reduction of anxiety Introduction Anxiety Etiology of anxiety Mechanism of anxiety Treatment for anxiety disorders Tea Tea as an alternative treatment for anxiety disorders Studies on the association between tea drinking and mental/psychological disorders Mini-dictionary of terms Summary points Chapter 61. Theanine and amelioration of brain stress Introduction Stress-relieving effects of theanine in animal studies Stress-relieving effects of theanine in humans Stress-relieving effects of green tea Summary points Chapter 62. Theanine (L-gamma-glutamylethylamide) in green tea, and its impact on cognitive function Introduction Theanine content in different green tea grades Effect of green tea on age-related cognitive decline Amount of theanine required to improve cognitive function Effect of Co-administration of theanine and caffeine on cognitive function Effect of theanine on cognitive function improvement Glutamate Toxicity—A factor associated with neuronal cell death Potential mechanism underlying the effect of theanine on cognitive improvement Conclusion Mini-dictionary of terms Summary points Chapter 63. Theanine (L-gamma-glutamylethylamide) in tea: Effects on attention and underlying neurophysiology Introduction Attention: Types and testing Effect of theanine and theanine-caffeine combination on attention Mechanisms of attentoinal effects of theanine: Neurophysiological and functional neuroimaging evidence Conclusions and future directions Mini-dictionary of terms Summary points Chapter 64. Green tea prevents apoptosis in stroke Introduction Apoptosis Stroke TNF-a Green tea TNFR1 Caspase-3 Bcl-2 Other health effects of tea extracts Mini-dictionary of terms Summary points Chapter 65. Caffeine and beneficial cognitive effects Introduction Evaluation of caffeine effect on cognition in clinical trials Conclusion Summary points Chapter 66. Tea catechins and visual motion processing Introduction Effects of catechins on retinal degeneration Visual motion processing for optokinetic responses Effect of tea catechins on OKRs in mice Possible effects of tea catechins on visual motion processing in humans Other health effects of tea extracts Mini-dictionary of terms Summary points Chapter 67. Green tea and health outcomes including cardiovascular disease, cancer, and dementia Introduction The impact of green tea on cardiovascular health and mortality The impact of green tea on cancer The impact of green tea on dementia Conclusion Mini-dictionary of terms Summary points Section VII. Adverse effects and contaminants of tea and tea-related products Chapter 68. Toxicity of tea polyphenols Foundational toxicology concepts Tea polyphenol toxicity: Evidence from the literature Hormesis: A model for tea polyphenols and their health effects Conclusion Mini dictionary of terms Summary points Chapter 69. Arsenic and chromium in teas Introduction Source and forms of arsenic and chromium in the rhizosphere Arsenic and chromium content in tea-growing soil Impact of arsenic and chromium on the human body The content of As and Cr in tea leaves, various types of made teas, and tea infusions Risk appraisal corresponding to arsenic and chromium by consuming tea Other health effects of tea Other health effects of tea extracts Other health effects of tea polyphenols Other health effects of caffeine Mini-dictionary of terms Summary Chapter 70. Anthraquinones in tea and implications for toxicology Introduction Presence of anthraquinone in tea The origin of anthraquinone in tea Harmful effects of anthraquinone Presence of other anthraquinones in tea The origin of emodin and physcion in tea Harmful effects of emodin and physcion Health benefits of emodin and physcion Risk/benefit balance of the presence of anthraquinones in tea Other health effects of microbial fermented teas Mini-dictionary of terms Summary points Chapter 71. Clinical evidence of tea–drug interactions Introduction Historical overview of tea–drug interaction studies Tea–drug interactions by the inhibition of DMEs Tea-drug interactions by the inhibition of drug transporters Tea–drug interactions by other or unknown mechanisms Summary points Chapter 72. Glyphosate in tea as a potentially toxic compound Introduction Properties of glyphosate Analytical methods for determination of glyphosate residues in tea and tea Infusion Level of glyphosate in tea and risk assessment Conclusions Summary points Chapter 73. Microplastic pollution in tea: What do we know? Introduction Evidence of contamination of tea by microplastic The five steps of contamination Technological improvements for the detection of MP in tea Health impacts of drinking tea and possible MP consumption Suggestions in light of the current state Concluding remarks Mini dictionary of terms Summary points Section VIII. Applications of byproducts, selective methods, and resources Chapter 74. Usage of spent tea leaves: A new narrative Introduction Status of spent tea leaves Composition of spent tea leaves Health effects of tea and its extract Technologies for conversion of spent tea leaves Value-added products from spent tea leaves Conclusion and future recommendations Mini-dictionary of terms Summary points Chapter 75. Utilization and profiles of spent black tea: Extraction techniques and microencapsulation Introduction Black tea Nonextractable polyphenols Polyphenols in spent black tea Bioavailability of polyphenols in black tea Microencapsulation Mini-dictionary of terms Summary points Chapter 76. Advanced analytical techniques for bioactive compounds in tea Introduction Bioactive compounds in tea and overview of their analysis Overview on analysis of tea bioactive compounds Advanced analytical techniques Conclusion Mini-dictionary of terms Summary points Chapter 77. Catechins in tea and methods for their detection Introduction Biological action and uses of green tea Chemical composition of green tea Health benefits of catechins Pharmacokinetic properties of catechins Analytical methods for the determination of catechin Electrochemical methods for the determination of catechin Conclusions Mini-dictionary of terms Summary points Chapter 78. Methods and technologies for the analysis of caffeine in tea Introduction Sample processing methods for extracting caffeine Analytical methods for estimating caffeine in tea Summary points Chapter 79. Pesticides in teas: Methods of analysis Introduction Sample preparation methods Solid-phase extraction Solid-phase microextraction Stir bar sorptive extraction Matrix solid-phase dispersion Dispersive solid-phase extraction Magnetic solid-phase extraction Solvent extraction Ultrasonic-assisted extraction Microwave-assisted extraction Accelerated solvent extraction Dispersive liquid–liquid microextraction Quick easy cheap effective robust and safe Other methods Analytical separation and detection methods Chromatographic methods Gas chromatography Liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry High-performance liquid chromatography Supercritical fluid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry Spectroscopic methods Sensors Immunoassay Quantum dot-based fluorescent probes Other methods Mini-dictionary of terms Summary points Chapter 80. Carotenoids in tea Introduction Biosynthesis of carotenoids in tea plant Variation in carotenoids between tea cultivars Effects of environmental factors on accumulation of carotenoids in tea Changes in carotenoids during tea processing Variation in level of carotenoids between various kinds of tea Highlight Chapter 81. Contamination level of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in tea and tea infusion: Analytical methods and risk assessment Introduction Classification of PAHs and acceptable levels in food Analytical methods for determination of PAHs in tea Level and profile of PAHs in tea Health risk assessment How to reduce PAHs in tea products? Conclusion Summary points Chapter 82. Recommended resources for tea in health and disease prevention Introduction Resources Other resources Summary points Index

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